Public food transfer programs act as a lifeline for many poor households that might otherwise live with constant food insecurity and the threat of hunger. Such programs are important for the poor and vulnerable in low-income countries such as Bangladesh, but also in high-income countries such as the US. In the US, in 2019 alone, more than 35 million individuals received food assistance from its largest anti-hunger transfer program -- the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as Food Stamps.
In the 2019-20 financial year, in Bangladesh, the Khaddo Bandhob Karmasuchi (Food Friendly Program, FFP), a similar program that offers subsidized rice during the lean season twice a year, reached about 5 million households (equivalent to 27.5 million individuals) at a cost of more than Tk3,200 crore (source: Directorate General of Food [DG Food]).
FFP is the country’s largest anti-hunger program in terms of reach, and since rice is the main staple -- providing about 60% of average calorie intake for the poor -- the program is immensely important in ensuring that the poor are able to meet their basic caloric requirements.
How did the FFP perform in reaching the poor during the Covid-19 pandemic? This is an important academic question that has direct policy and humanitarian implications. The first order effect of the pandemic on poor individuals and households was on employment. A survey conducted in June-July 2020 by the BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD) and the Power and Participation Research Centre (PPRC) reported that close to 20% of those who were employed in February had lost their jobs by June.
Losing jobs, going hungry
For many of the poor, lost employment can mean the difference between having food and going hungry. In addition, the nationwide lockdown (formally known as the “general holiday”) imposed by the government to stem the spread of Covid-19 restricted the movement of people and goods, further reducing income earning opportunities, and hence, household consumption. In April 2020, a BRAC study estimated that extreme poverty would increase by 60% as a result of the lockdown.
On the one hand, the pre-existence of the FFP and similar programs served as immediate shock absorbers that might have buffered the impact of the pandemic. On the other hand, the scale and nature of this crisis was unanticipated and exposed several administrative and logistical challenges, some of which were compounded by further restrictions on movement to contain the spread of infection.
At present, little is known about the performance of transfer programs such as the FFP in times of large unanticipated shocks. Multiple studies and many experts have expressed concern over the targeting and leakage of the safety-net programs, food security, and income loss. As the country braces for winter and a possible second wave of Covid-19, it is crucial that the extent of food insecurity and the effectiveness of public transfer programs be evaluated. We do so in the context of the FFP.
What the FFP does
Launched in 2016 as a component of Bangladesh’s extensive food security program, the FFP provides 30kg of subsidized rice per month to eligible poor households in the pre-harvest months of March and April and September, October, and November. Eligible households must satisfy certain verifiable needs-based criteria. In response to the Covid-19 crisis, the government of Bangladesh made available an additional transfer of 30kg of rice in the month of May 2020.
In addition to it being the largest in-kind transfer program in the country, our choice of the FFP was further motivated by the fact that some of the authors of this piece conducted a study of its performance in 2018. The 2018 survey included a nationally representative sample of 4,526 poor households in 61 districts. It was found that the program was performing remarkably well for one of its size, with few targeting errors and low amounts of leakage, and that for every taka spent by the government under the FFP, about Tk0.88 reached eligible beneficiaries, on average.
To understand the resilience of FFP to unanticipated shocks, and to document the economic distress faced by households post-Covid-19, we conducted a follow-up phone-survey in August 2020 among those households from the 2018 survey for whom we had phone numbers. In total, the survey team was able to reach 2,800 households in 226 union parishads in 61 districts.
Economic impacts of the pandemic on the poor
More than half our 2020 sample reported that the main earning member in the household had lost their job due to Covid-19, and about a quarter of them were still unemployed at the time of our survey. A staggering 90% of households reported that their total household income in July 2020 was less than that of pre-Covid (March 2020) or the same month in the previous year (July 2019).
Unlike other segments of society, it is not surprising that the shock affected most FFP recipients, since these are the poorest of the poor who rely on informal sector jobs or work as agricultural wage labour.
How did the households respond to the shock? In the absence of any formal employment insurance, households resorted to several coping strategies to tide over this fall in income. Close to 90% of the sample reported reducing expenditure on non-food related items, like clothes and education, 76% reported spending their savings, 62% reported reducing health expenditure, and 53% reported reducing expenses on agricultural, livestock, or fisheries inputs, like fertilizer and seeds. 92% of households engaged in some form of emergency borrowing; most of this was within informal networks of friends, family and neighbours.
Figure 1: District-level prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity
The FAO and WFP identified Bangladesh as one of Asia’s acute food insecurity hotspots, and warned that there could be disruptions to transport and market access as a result of Covid-19. To supplement this conjecture with data-based evidence, we collected information on households’ experience of food insecurity using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, and using this, estimated the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity for each district in our sample (Figure 1). Food insecurity prevalence was high in the north, north-west, and centre of the country, with the districts of Sylhet, Sunamganj, Panchagarh, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Pabna, Faridpur, Bagerhat, and Barguna, displaying a high likelihood of severe food insecurity.
Despite being one of the richest regions of the country, Sylhet appears to have suffered from a double setback -- both from the pandemic and from the severe floods in the haor (back swamp) areas during June.
How did the FFP perform during the pandemic?
Answering the question of how the FFP or other safety-net programs performed during the pandemic is important from both a policy and humanitarian perspective as it is directly linked to the food security of millions of vulnerable households. To address this, we look at FFP performance indicators in 2020 and compare them with the pre-pandemic results from our 2018 survey.
Our 2020 survey suggests that the performance of the FFP was indeed adversely affected during this period. In 2018, 97% of the sample reported receiving some rice under the FFP; this proportion declined slightly to 94% of those who were still beneficiaries in 2020.
Figure 2: Average amount of rice received in March-April 2018 and March-April-May 2020The average amount of rice received in March and April of 2020 was about 8kg lower than that of the same two months in 2018 (Figure 2). Only 64% respondents said they had received the full 60kgs in March-April 2020, compared to 86% in 2018.
Importantly, the shortfalls were even greater in the additional pandemic month of May 2020, when households received on average only 12.7kg out of the 30kg they were entitled to. Only 41% of households reported receiving their full entitlement in May 2020, while a sizeable 58% reported receiving less than 10kg. While the average price paid by the beneficiaries was the same in both survey years, at about Tk10/kg, the proportion of households reporting paying a bribe and the average amount of that bribe were both substantially higher in 2020 compared to 2018.
Takeaways and policy recommendations
Before the Covid-19 pandemic hit, the FFP was performing better than similar programs in Bangladesh and other developing countries. Our 2018 survey estimated a leakage of only 12%, compared to 70% under the Palli Rationing program in Bangladesh, and close to 50% under the Public Distribution System in India. However, our 2020 phone survey findings suggest that the pandemic disrupted the distribution of rice under the FFP, implying that the resilience of the program to unanticipated shocks needs to be improved. Transfer programs are most crucial during economic crises; improving their resilience to unanticipated shocks is therefore of paramount importance.
The financial and human costs of excluding poor individuals from these social safety nets are large. The food policy research community has not even begun to quantify the extent and cost of human suffering, though this is an important area of inquiry. Given the results of our 2020 phone survey, our main recommendation is for the institution of routine monitoring to make operational efficiency information readily available.
One suggestion is to set up a unit within Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) of the Ministry of Food to monitor and report on progress. Another is to develop a small sample phone survey to generate real (or almost real) time analysis on the FFP -- as well as other programs -- for policy makers. Particularly in times of Covid, technology-based solutions that enable the collection of information while adhering to norms of social distance are the need of the hour.
To supplement the quick and lean phone surveys, there is also a need to carry out larger evaluations periodically, taking into considerations the limits placed by safety and resources.
The Covid-19 pandemic has laid bare many vulnerabilities in our economic systems and shown us just how precarious the lives of the poor really are. We have a chance now to invest time and effort into designing robust, generous, and efficient safety nets to prepare ourselves for another calamity of this magnitude and ensure that we avert a crisis of hunger. Let this opportunity not go to waste.
Shyamal Chowdhury is an Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Sydney. Nahian Bin Khaled, Kalyani Raghunathan, and Shahidur Rashid are Research Analyst, Research Fellow, and Director for South Asia, respectively, at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
