The general sat on a plastic lawn chair in the garden of his mother’s home, the scent of tropical blooms filling the air as he talked about the alleged rape and sodomy of a Haitian teenager by a Sri Lankan peacekeeper.
There was no rape, insisted Maj Gen Jagath Dias, who was dispatched to Haiti to investigate the 2013 case. He may not have been the best choice for that job, Dias had been accused of atrocities in his own country’s vicious civil war.
Dias didn’t talk to the accuser, he told The Associated Press, nor did he interview medical staff who examined her. But he did clear his soldier, who remained in the Sri Lankan military.
It wasn’t the first time that Sri Lankan soldiers were accused of sexual abuse: In 2007, a group of Haitian children identified 134 Sri Lankan peacekeepers in a child sex ring that went on for three years.
In that case, the Sri Lankan military repatriated 114 of the peacekeepers, but none was ever jailed.
In fact, Sri Lanka has never prosecuted a single soldier for sexual assault or sexual misconduct while serving in a peacekeeping mission abroad.
The alleged abuses committed by its troops abroad stem from a culture of impunity that arose during Sri Lanka’s civil war and has seeped into its peacekeeping missions. The government has consistently refused calls for independent investigations into its generation-long civil war, marked by widespread reports of rape camps, torture, mass killings and other alleged war crimes by its troops.
The UN has deployed thousands of peacekeepers from Sri Lanka despite these unresolved allegations of war crimes at home. This is a pattern repeated around the world: Strapped for troops, the UN draws recruits from many countries with poor human rights records for its peacekeeping program, budgeted at nearly $8b this year.
In the last 12 years up to March, an estimated 2,000 allegations of sexual abuse or exploitation have been levelled at UN peacekeepers and personnel. That tally could change as UN officials update their records and reconcile data from old files.
Congolese troops also have been accused of war crimes during their own longstanding war. As peacekeepers in Central African Republic, at least 17 have been accused of sexual abuse and exploitation. The situation in Congo, meanwhile, is so complex the country is hosting a UN peacekeeping mission to manage its own violent conflict while also sending personnel on peacekeeping missions to other countries.
Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan understands the predicament. When fighting gripped Rwanda, he struggled to find peacekeepers to help stem what would later become a mass slaughter that killed an estimated 800,000 people.
In this September 13, 2016 photo, a Sri Lanka Air Force airman carries the UN flag during training for a road patrol at the Institute of Peace Support Operations Training in Kukuleganga, Sri Lanka APRape camps
In the case of the Haiti sex ring, nine children told UN investigators of being lured into having sex in exchange for food and then being passed from soldier to soldier. One girl said she didn’t even have breasts when she first had sex with a peacekeeper at age 12. Over the course of three years, another child said he had sex with more than 100 Sri Lankan peacekeepers, averaging about four a day.
The allegations of sexual abuse by Sri Lankan peacekeepers echo those of the country’s generation-long civil war against the ethnic Tamil rebel group, known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which was fighting for an independent homeland in the island nation’s north and east. Eight years after the war ended, people are increasingly coming forward to give horrific accounts of camps where they say they were tortured and gang-raped.
One Tamil woman said in testimony that she was kidnapped by masked men in plain clothes and taken blindfolded and gagged to what she thought was an army camp.
“He removed all my clothes and forced me down on a mattress on the floor and tied both of my hands and legs apart with a nylon rope to iron bars on both sides of the mattress,” she said. She was held for about two months, and repeatedly raped.
She described another of her tormentors, who was brought into the room she shared with four other girls. “He was asked to take his pick,” she told the International Truth and Justice Project, which issued a 57-page report in March documenting the alleged torture or rape of 43 people, some as recently as December. “He looked around and chose me. And took me to another room and raped me.”
She identified him from a series of photographs of soldiers. The reporter found that the man, an officer, went on to become a UN peacekeeper.
The woman asked to remain anonymous for fear of retribution. The Sri Lankan army and the government declined to comment on the report.
Countries with better trained troops and human rights records have been reluctant to offer personnel for peacekeeping since 1993, when 18 American troops were killed in Somalia. The deaths were considered to be a key reason why the UN struggled to find help ahead of the Rwanda genocide in 1994.
This image made from part of a UN internal investigation document dated November 19, 2007 shows a hole in a perimeter wall of the UN base in Jacmel, Haiti APA legal black hole
UN sexual abuse in Haiti and elsewhere has threatened to shrink financial contributions for peacekeeping, particularly from the US, which provides nearly 30% of the budget.
After the Associated Press published its investigation into the Haiti child sex ring last month, US Ambassador Nikki Haley warned the UN Security Council that “countries that refuse to hold their soldiers accountable must recognise that this either stops or their troops will go home and their financial compensation will end.”
Part of the problem is that the UN lacks legal jurisdiction over its peacekeeping force, which now has more than 110,000 personnel, and instead relies on member states to prosecute crimes by their own troops.
That means that justice for victims is often elusive, while the UN and troop-contributing nations can dodge blame when things go wrong.
Philip Cunliffe, a lecturer at the University of Kent and editor-in-chief of the International Peacekeeping journal, called the situation “a product of mutual convenience.”
“Both sides are in a position where they can blame each other, which means that there’s no accountability ultimately,” Cunliffe said during an interview in the verdant commercial capital of Colombo.
Last year, the UN announced it would not be accepting any more Burundian police to the mission in the Central African Republic because of allegations of serious human rights violations in their homeland, and that the military deployment was under review.
Now, for the first time, the UN is undertaking expanded screening for individual Sri Lankan recruits, a process previously seen only on a much smaller scale for recruits from Burundi and Congo.
'We are shocked'
In a jungle clearing about a two-hour drive from Colombo, a loudspeaker played the sounds of whooshing helicopter blades as dozens of peacekeeping recruits fanned out for a practice run, loading cargo into a small white sedan standing in for the chopper.
Instructors at the training camp, a two-hour drive from Colombo, said they have taken steps to address the risk of sexual abuse and exploitation since the child sex ring scandal in Haiti.
“That was a black mark for our UN deployment,” said Lt Col Tiral de Silva, the camp’s chief instructor.
But even de Silva said he was unaware of what actually had happened. “My understanding was it was the misbehaviour of a few individuals.”
Tamil lawyer KS Ratnavale, who recently argued for a rare conviction of three soldiers for gang rape, said prosecuting members of Sri Lanka’s popular military is often impossible due to victim intimidation, a lack witnesses and poor evidence collection.
“We are shocked that the UN is encouraging these undisciplined and ruthless soldiers and deploying them in their peacekeeping force,” Ratnavale said.
The UN recently lauded Sri Lanka for its “best practices” after the country agreed last year, under pressure from the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, to a onetime payment of $45,243 for a girl fathered by a Sri Lankan commander stationed in Haiti.
Sri Lankan Defence Secretary Karunasena Hettiarachchi, who signed the payment order last summer, said he knew little about the paternity payment, or whether there had been any other such claims on Sri Lankan peacekeepers.
He said, “I think in general we don’t have a bad record of our peacekeepers.”
