Muslims in the US are afraid. Newly released hate-crime statistics leave little doubt about why.
Not since the September 11 attacks have anti-Islamic hate crimes been at such high levels in the US, according to FBI statistics, which show a 67% surge in criminal offences targeting Muslims last year.
The bureau's annual Hate Crime Statistics Report, which collects data for 2015, included 5,850 total criminal incidents. Overall, that indicates a 6.7% uptick in incidents from 2014.
The FBI report shows there were 257 anti-Muslim incidents involving 307 victims last year, an increase of 103 incidents from the same period the year before.
Incidents of hate crime motivated by anti-Islamic bias peaked in 2001 at 481 incidents.
Taking precautions
The figures released Monday come amid a time of deep political apprehension following last week's presidential election that saw Donald Trump blaze a populist trail to the White House.
A mosque in Sarasota, Florida, says it will be handing out pepper spray on Friday to women who wear hijabs or feel threatened by hate attacks.
At the Islamic Centre of Detroit, beginning this week, a martial artist is hosting twice weekly self-defence workshops.
And last weekend, the Muslim Centre of Middlesex County in New Jersey hosted a 90-minute "active shooter" preparedness session. "If you SEE something, SAY something," a flyer advertising the seminar reads, indicating other topics including a building evacuation plan.
The FBI defines a hate crime as a "criminal offence against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity."
While 57% of reported hate incidents were motivated by race and ethnicity, the federal law enforcement agency found 20% of hate crimes were related to religious bias.
There were 664 anti-Semitic offences reported last year — the highest of any religious group and a rise of nine per cent. But other targets included Catholics, Protestants, Mormons and people belonging to the Eastern Orthodox Church.
More than one-fifth (21.9%) of the 1,402 victims of anti-religious hate crimes in 2015 were due to anti-Islamic bias.
"It's really unfortunate, this atmosphere of hate," said Kassem Allie, executive administrator for the Islamic Centre of America in Dearborn, Michigan, a community known for its large Arab and Muslim populations.
"We're trying not to alarm our community, but we want to inform them to take precautions. Watch their surroundings. Be in a position to defend themselves if they feel threatened."
Mainstreaming of Islamophobia
Dearborn resident Ribhi Hazin has been hearing startling conversations lately at the hospital where he works.
"I've never, until now, heard a physician tell me we should think about getting concealed weapons," the Muslim physician said. "I've heard that two or three times now in the last few days. That's not counting the nurses and patients who have expressed that."
Hazin, a father and an internal medicine specialist who prays at the Islamic Centre of Detroit, said last week's election outcome has become increasingly worrisome as he learns about more hate-motivated attacks.
"We've had long discussions on the floor of the hospital. Actual discussions now about do we need self-defence classes or concealed weapons?"
Ibrahim Hooper, spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), said the organisation began seeing a spike in nationwide incidents beginning in late 2015, and reports have accelerated beyond the November 8 election.
"We're seeing the mainstreaming of Islamophobia by public figures like Donald Trump," Hooper said.
The terror attacks in Paris and San Bernardino, California, occurred late last year, as did Trump's controversial call in December for a "total and complete shutdown" of Muslim entry into the US.
Now that he is president-elect, Trump has been unclear about whether he'll make good on his Muslim ban. But the rhetoric nevertheless energised a racist base.
Post-election spike in incidents?
Iowa City police this week are investigating a note posted to the door of a Sudanese-American Muslim family that read: "You can go home now. We don't want n--gers and terrorists here," followed by the hashtag "#Trump."
And police investigating the afternoon robbery of a San Diego University student last week said she was targeted for wearing her hijab. Two men on campus reportedly made remarks anti-Islamic remarks and spoke about Trump before yanking off her hijab, then stealing her backpack, purse and car.
At the University of Michigan, a stranger approached another Muslim student last Friday and threatened to set her on fire with a lighter if she did not remove her hijab. She complied.
Hooper worries about more such incidents, pointing out that the appointment of Trump's new senior adviser, Steve Bannon, was praised by white nationalists and leaders in the anti-immigration "ultra-right" movement.
"We're in very dangerous times, and we just see things getting worse," Hooper said.
There hasn't been a lull in incident reporting over the past two years, said Robert McCaw, CAIR's director of government affairs.
"It used to be that you might receive one of these reports a week. Starting in 2015, it was like three a week when the primaries were beginning," he said.
McCaw now often hears at least one report a day. He suspects anti-Muslim bigots on the extreme right have become "emboldened" to commit hate crimes following Trump's ascent to office.
"The new normal isn't normal," he said. "[Trump] said 'stop it,' and 'stop it' is great. But we're urging him to go further. We're calling on Trump to make a denunciation of hate crimes in his name."
This is an excerpt of a CBC article
